What does pleiotropy mean in genetics?

Pleiotropy refers to the phenomenon where a single gene has the capacity to influence multiple traits or characteristics of an organism. This occurs because one gene can encode for a product that plays a role in different biological pathways or systems, impacting various physiological functions or traits.

For instance, a gene responsible for producing a hormone may affect not only the development of a specific physical trait but also influence various metabolic processes and even behavioral aspects. This interconnectedness showcases the complexity of genetic regulation and the multifaceted roles that individual genes can play.

Other concepts presented in the options focus on different genetic principles, such as polygenic inheritance, where multiple genes contribute to a single trait, or the principles of independent assortment and dominance, which address how traits are passed on rather than how one gene can affect multiple traits. Understanding pleiotropy enhances our comprehension of the relationships between genetics and phenotypes, illustrating the broader impacts a single gene can have on an organism.