NYSTCE 160 – Biology Practice Exam

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• What field of study focuses on the distribution of allele frequency changes within populations?
• What is a major component of the cell walls of plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria?
• What is the first law of thermodynamics?
• Which part of the flower structure develops into a protective seed coat?
• Which type of bond holds the water molecules together in a liquid state?
• Which hypothesis suggests that both new strands of DNA anneal after replication?
• What is the significance of ribosomes in relation to mRNA?
• What type of biological molecule is primarily involved in encoding genetic information?
• What is the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem stability?
• What does "turgid" mean in the context of cells?
• Which bacteria types provide the atmosphere with N2?
• What classification is used for human bones based on density?
• What role does oxygen play in cellular respiration?
• What structural feature distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
• Which cell organelle is responsible for breaking down lipids and proteins for cellular energy?
• How does pH affect protein structure?
• What is a key characteristic of a lichen in ecological terms?
• Which component is NOT typically found in prokaryotic cells?
• What molecule was believed to function as the first enzyme in early life on Earth?
• What type of enzyme deficiency characterizes Tay Sachs disease?
• What is the correct order for the components of the mammalian respiratory system?
• What elements make up approximately 4% of living matter?
• How do fats differ from starches in terms of energy use?
• How many centimeters are there in one decameter?
• Which scenario is an example of intraspecific competition?
• What process links together the monomers of polymers?
• What major organs are included in the excretory system?
• What type of virus is HIV?
• In woody plants, where are vascular bundles typically found?
• What type of blood cells are classified as erythrocytes?
• What is the process called when an organism becomes less responsive to a stimulus after prolonged exposure?
• What does the Competitive Exclusion Principle state?
• Which type of fertilization do reptiles typically undergo?
• Which structure is part of a plant's leaf?
• What type of animal is characterized by having a top and bottom but no head or rear?
• What is one of the primary functions of wetlands?
• From which two areas of the heart do electrical signals originate to create cardiac contractions?
• In what way do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes?
• What distinguishes cells from viruses?
• What gene location is associated with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome?
• Which of the following processes directly affects the stomata of plant leaves during water deficiency?
• Which of the following are the three main areas of the forebrain?
• How does an electron microscope achieve its high resolution?
• What restricts the growth of a small population in a favorable environment?
• What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
• What happens to a protein when it denatures?
• What are the major categories of how gene mutations are classified?
• What is the common use of Hydroxyl groups in chemical compounds?
• What does it mean for research to be "empirically based"?
• What environmental factor commonly causes non-point pollution?
• What defines a non-pathogenic microbe?
• Who provided key evidence for the semiconservative model of DNA replication?
• Which classification of gene disorders does Phenylketonuria fall under?
• Which proteins are involved in unwinding DNA during replication?
• What is the main function of internal cell membranes?
• What distinguishes coenzymes from cofactors?
• What structure is common to both plant and animal cells, allowing for energy production?
• What is the average estimate for the Earth's carrying capacity for humans?
• What is an operon in biological terms?
• Which genetic disease is most commonly found in Caucasian populations?
• What is the estimated chance of two non-identical siblings being genetically identical?
• How many distinct levels exist in the hierarchical taxonomy system?
• Which of the following is NOT a type of macro molecule?
• When is it best to use scientific notation?
• Which option best explains the term 'phagocytosis'?
• Which of the following describes the function of enzymes?
• What type of protists move using extensions of their cytoplasm?
• What is the correct order of the taxonomic levels?
• Which of the following lists correctly identifies the four divisions of ferns?
• What method can be used for physically inserting extra DNA into the nucleus of GMFs?
• What does glycolysis refer to in biological processes?
• What is protoplast fusion in bacterial studies?
• Which steps are involved in the creation of proteins?
• What is the basic structural unit of life?
• Which protein structure involves hydrogen bonding?
• What plant structure terminates the radicle (embryonic root)?
• Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in cells?
• How did Hubble change the view of the universe?
• What is the term used to describe growth in response to a stimulus?
• What components of a cell are most common?
• If an inherited disorder is inherited as a simple recessive trait, what will express the phenotype for the disorder?
• What uniquely defines an element in the periodic table?
• What are the main components of the central nervous system?
• What process allows for the movement of substances against their concentration gradient?
• Which statement best describes the effects of a null hypothesis when results of an experiment indicate significant data?
• Who is credited with making the first compound microscope using two convex lenses?
• What does a carbon atom typically seek in chemical bonding?
• In which category would endergonic reactions typically fall?
• What role do coenzymes play in enzymatic reactions?
• What is Turner Syndrome caused by?
• Which vitamins are classified as water-soluble?
• Which of the following structures is NOT part of the central nervous system?
• What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
• Which cell type is characterized by having a peptidoglycan cell wall?
• Which genetic disorder is characterized by impaired bone growth?
• What is uniformitarianism in scientific terms?
• Which of the following best describes a characteristic of apoptosis?
• What processes are involved with photosynthesis?
• Which statement best describes a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
• Which of the following best describes the cholesterol levels in individuals with Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome?
• In scientific experiments, what role does a null hypothesis play?
• What does the term "hyperosmotic" refer to?
• What do the keratinized scales of reptiles provide?
• If a person has type A blood, what are their possible genotypes?
• What are the two classifications of lichens?
• What type of compound is typically formed when Hydroxyl groups react with alkyl groups?
• Which scientist concluded that nonliving gravy did not produce living things?
• What process do plants primarily use to convert sunlight into energy?
• Which type of terrestrial biome is characterized by harsh winters, short summers, and significant precipitation?
• What can reduce differences in allele frequencies between populations?
• What type of muscle lines blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart?
• What are characteristics of Dercum disease?
• What is another term used for fixed action pattern?
• At the highest level of the hierarchical taxonomy system, how many domains of life exist?
• On what basis is the classification of fungi primarily determined?
• What is the chemical compound name of the Hydroxyl group?
• Which organelles are found in plant cells?
• How many protons are present in a hydrogen atom?
• Which area of study encompasses the physiological responses of organisms to their environment?
• What type of bond is formed between cytosine bases on opposite strands of DNA?
• On which chromosome is Severe Combined Immunodeficiency located?
• How many significant figures are present in the number 0.000367?
• When did fungi begin to colonize land?
• What structure on a compound microscope supports the eyepiece and nosepiece?
• What organelle plays a crucial role in translating messenger RNA into proteins?
• How do ethologists believe animals initiate behavior in response to a stimulus?
• How many times greater is the radius of an electron cloud compared to its nucleus?
• What is the diploid phase of plants referred to as?
• Which macromolecule is characterized by a repeating pattern of N-C-C in its polypeptide chain?
• Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a tropical rain forest biome?
• What is the correct order of the scientific method?
• Which nucleotide is commonly repeated at the end of eukaryotic mRNA?
• About 25 of the 92 elements are regarded as what?
• How many strands of bases does RNA consist of?
• How is an endergonic reaction characterized?
• Which structure is considered the most highly evolved in the mammalian brain?
• Which level of biological classification comes directly below 'kingdom'?
• What does the process of translation involve?
• What is a second line of defense against virus and antigen invasion in organisms?
• Which of the following best describes the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
• What is collagen?
• What is true about significant figures when measuring a value?
• What does Batesian mimicry involve?
• Which term describes the increase of disorder in an isolated system?
• To which order do turtles belong?
• What protein helps pinch animal cells in two during cell division?
• Which type of fungi is not multicellular?
• What is the best way to minimize experimental variability?
• What is the significance of a hyperosmotic solution in biological processes?
• Which method is used to visualize the effects of genetic modifications in plants?
• What is the best approach to investigate biological phenomena in living organisms?
• What do heterosporous plants do?
• What does Neurofibromatosis type 1 cause?
• What is the definition of endocytosis?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of antibiotics?
• What type of organism is classified under the domain Archaea?
• In the electron transport chain within a mitochondrion, which is the primary event that occurs?
• Which classification level is immediately below Kingdom?
• What term is used for substances that help transfer DNA into other cells?
• What characteristic is unique to organisms classified under Radiata?
• Which of the following is true about viruses?
• Which type of immunodeficiency might be caused by the use of prescription drugs?
• Which two organelles in a cell contain separate, independently-replicating DNA?
• What kind of graph is best suited for displaying continuous data?
• What is the definition of osmosis?
• What is the main function of the cerebral cortex?
• What is an example of regulation in biological systems?
• Which process occurs in the cytoplasm and is responsible for producing ATP?
• According to the laws of thermodynamics, what can be inferred about energy?
• What makes up the cell walls of fungi?
• What factor contributes to the high productivity of coral reefs compared to the open ocean?
• What is chemotaxis?
• Which structure is responsible for synthesizing proteins within a cell?
• What aspect of bacteria allows them to thrive in extreme environments?
• What is the main component that contributes to the structure of wood and its rigidity?
• Which metabolic pathway is known for producing the most ATP?
• What is the main purpose of vectors in genetic engineering?
• How is extranuclear inheritance achieved?
• What is the primary function of vascular bundles in plants?
• What does pleiotropy mean in genetics?
• What does the term "biodiversity" refer to?
• What does a biogeochemical cycle represent?
• What is the first structure to emerge from a germinating seed?
• What is phylogenetics?
• Which of the following describes the reason behind genetic drift?
• Which organ is primarily responsible for increasing insulin levels in response to blood glucose?
• In which part of the nephron is glucose primarily reabsorbed?
• What is an example of Batesian mimicry in nature?
• In what type of bond do the shared electrons spend more time orbiting the nucleus of the electronegative atom?
• How are micronutrients utilized by the body?
• Which type of bone is generally heavier?
• Where in a plant can new growth occur?
• Which factor does NOT affect the shape of a protein?
• What is the primary role of fats in biological systems?
• What type of eggs do reptiles typically produce?
• What is defined as evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period?
• What organelle is formed when the plasma membrane engulfs a particle outside the cell?
• Which statement is true about the human respiratory system?
• What is a defining feature of cystic fibrosis?
• What is significant about red algae compared to brown and green algae?
• In the context of protein synthesis, what role does a repressor play?
• Which type of reaction most likely requires energy input?
• Which biome is characterized by high temperatures, high rainfall, and poor soil quality?
• What is considered the most limiting step in genetically modifying an organism?
• What term describes the transfer of gene alleles between populations of the same species?
• Which process does not involve the movement of solutes across a plasma membrane?
• Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome is inherited in which manner?
• What are non-membranous organelles that contribute to the cytoskeleton?
• What physiological issue is primarily associated with cystic fibrosis?
• Who found a way to disprove the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?
• During which geological period did the T. Rex live?
• Which statement accurately describes the O blood type?
• What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
• What is Huntington's disease?
• What is Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome primarily characterized by?
• What substance is primarily responsible for the aging process of newspapers?
• What are the three components that make up nucleotides?
• What is the correct order of the eight levels of the hierarchical taxonomy system?
• What is a mast cell?
• What role do microfilaments play in a cell?
• What is the main purpose of protoplast fusion in plant biology?
• What is the term for symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other?
• What is the field of study that focuses on animal behavior in natural environments?
• What is the primary function of the kidneys?
• Which type of processes predominates according to Hanawalt's law?
• The ABO blood typing system is an example of which genetic principle?
• What's the major difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?
• What environmental factor primarily causes trees in the Chaparral biome to resprout?
• What are the three main categories of joints in the human body?
• Which of the following is NOT a common vector used for DNA transfer?
• Which type of bond is weaker than ionic and covalent bonds, often forming between bases in DNA?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of a stable ecosystem?
• Which term refers to the embryonic structure that develops into the first root of a bean seedling?
• Carbohydrates are primarily composed of which three elements?
• What green algae is also called "sea lettuce"?
• Which medical pioneer promoted the idea of sterilization and sterile surgery?
• What is the primary role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
• Which statistical theorem helps estimate probabilities based on evolutionary models?
• What is the phenomenon called when there is an increase in concentration of chemicals absorbed by organisms from their environment?
• What controls primary productivity in a given area?
• What is the primary mode of reproduction for prokaryotes?
• How do animal cells generally differ from plant cells?
• What percentage of photosynthesis is attributed to dark reactions?
• What is a virus that infects bacteria known as?
• What type of transport requires energy to move substances across a membrane?
• What does the concept of tropism generally refer to in plants?
• How many milligrams are equivalent to one kilogram?
• What term describes issues when the immune system is not functioning or missing a process?
• What factor primarily influences the number of proteins produced from a single strand of mRNA?
• What genetic disorder is linked to a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase?
• Which type of virus can be read directly for the synthesis of viral proteins?
• In a biological context, what is the primary role of the cerebrum?
• To which human system do motor neurons belong?
• What neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons to activate skeletal muscles?
• What is the relationship between body size and metabolic rate in animals?
• Which of the following represents the three domains of life?
• What are the four major categories that cause brain damage?
• Which of the following characteristics are typical of reptiles?
• In the periodic table, what are the elements called in the first column?
• In which direction do protons flow during electron transport in mitochondria?
• In the context of biochemistry, what does the term 'enzyme' refer to?
• What are the two primary methods of bone formation?
• How many bonds can a hydrogen atom form?
• What policy has rendered the greatest direct benefit to the environment to date?
• Gene mutations can be categorized into which two main types?
• Which model is associated with an increase in the quantity of free energy?
• Which group of animals includes hydras and jellyfish?
• How many atoms are present in nitrogen gas (N2)?
• What do the symptoms of mineral deficiency in plants depend on?
• What does the structure of a biological community refer to?
• What is glucose classified as?
• What distinguishes an endothermic organism from an ectothermic organism?
• What do small, vertical 'T' like lines at the top of bars on a graph indicate?
• Where does gene splicing commonly occur?
• Which are the three stages of cellular respiration?
• What does a null hypothesis state in scientific research?
• If both parents have type O blood, what is the probability that their children will also have type O blood?
• Where are polysaccharides such as starch stored in plant cells?
• What is one of the potential results of immunodeficiencies?
• Which gland is primarily involved in monitoring blood sugar levels?
• When animals consume more energy than they expend over time, how is the excess energy stored?
• How are leaves categorized?
• How many micrometers are in a cell that measures 1.45mm?
• What role do interferons play in the immune response?
• Which factor is essential for maintaining homeostasis in organisms?
• Which domain of life is associated with single-celled organisms that lack nuclei?
• Which factor determines the richness of species in an ecosystem?
• What is the primary role of the hypothalamus?
• What distinguishes primary immunodeficiencies from secondary immunodeficiencies?
• Which species is typically the first to colonize an area in ecological succession?
• How do salmon locate their specific stream home?
• What is one of the effects of Williams Syndrome on a child's development?
• Which theory describes the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells through the invagination of a large prokaryote?
• In the context of scientific experiments, what does a hypothesis represent?
• Which element makes up about 96% of living matter?
• Which metabolic compound is composed solely of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
• How many amino acids are considered essential for human health?
• What part of the flower has the primary function of protection?
• What behavior guides monogamy?
• What are the four main parts of the human brain?
• Approximately what percentage of air is composed of nitrogen at sea level?
• How can bacteria remain active in high-temperature environments like hot springs?
• Why does crop productivity decline when leaves begin to wilt?
• In studying the five organism kingdoms, which of the following is an example of the Plantae Kingdom?
• What is mesophyll in plants?
• What limits land primary production primarily?
• In which order are the levels of biological classification arranged?
• When should a biohazard bag in a container be emptied?
• Which components primarily make up the central nervous system?
• Which component of the cell is primarily responsible for controlling cellular activities?
• What principle does Hanawalt's law of biology assert?
• What structure is formed when atoms in the side chain of a protein form covalent bonds?
• Which kingdom is known to contain no multicellular organisms?
• What is a possible result of increased species diversity in an ecosystem?
• What term is used to describe the phase that some cells enter upon maturity?
• Who is credited with proposing that new cells arise only from previously existing cells?
• How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?
• What best describes the characteristics of a compound microscope?
• In which system is the lysosome predominantly found?
• What type of mutation is caused by insertions and deletions?
• What is a characteristic of secondary immunodeficiency?
• When does the Calvin Cycle occur in photosynthesis?
• What nutrient is essential for the production of a plant's survival?
• What distinguishes a covalent bond from an ionic bond?
• What are the four main metabolic pathways to produce ATP?
• What components form outside the DNA helix?