Which term refers specifically to programmed cell death?

The term that specifically refers to programmed cell death is apoptosis. Apoptosis is a highly regulated and controlled process that allows cells to self-destruct when they are no longer needed or when they are damaged in such a way that they could threaten the health of the organism. This process is crucial for maintaining tissue homeostasis, development, and the removal of potentially harmful cells, such as those with DNA damage that could lead to cancer.

During apoptosis, a series of cellular events occur, including cellular shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and fragmentation of the cell into smaller vesicles, which can then be easily engulfed and eliminated by neighboring cells or immune cells. This process is distinct from necrosis, which is typically unregulated and can result from injury or disease, causing inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues. It is also different from cell lysis, which involves the rupture of the cell membrane, and from regeneration, which refers to the ability of certain organisms to regrow lost tissues or organs. Understanding apoptosis is essential in fields like developmental biology, cancer research, and immunology due to its role in health and disease.