What method can be used for physically inserting extra DNA into the nucleus of GMFs?

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The gene gun method is used for physically inserting extra DNA into the nucleus of genetically modified plant cells. This technique involves bombarding the target plant cells with microscopic gold or tungsten particles coated with the DNA of interest. When these particles are accelerated, they penetrate the cell walls and membranes, allowing the DNA to enter the nucleus of the plant cell. This method is particularly effective for transforming cells that are difficult to transform using other methods, as it does not rely on biological vectors and can deliver DNA directly into the cells.

Other methods mentioned, although relevant to genetic modification, do not fit the context of physically transferring DNA in the same way. Electroporation uses electrical fields to increase cell membrane permeability, allowing DNA to enter, but it is less commonly used in plant cells compared to the gene gun. Gene cloning is a process for making copies of DNA and doesn't directly involve inserting it into cells. Transfection generally refers to the introduction of nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells, typically using vectors but not specifically using the physical delivery mechanism employed by the gene gun.

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