Which scientist concluded that nonliving gravy did not produce living things?

Lazzaro Spallanzani is recognized for his experiments that challenged the idea of spontaneous generation, which posited that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter. Spallanzani conducted experiments with broth in sealed flasks and found that, under sterile conditions, no microbial life developed. This led him to conclude that living things do not spontaneously generate from nonliving substances. His work laid the groundwork for later studies, including those by Louis Pasteur, who provided further evidence against spontaneous generation with his famous swan-neck flask experiment.

While Pasteur is well-known for disproving spontaneous generation as well, it was Spallanzani's earlier experiments that initially shown that nonliving gravy—or broth—does not give rise to living things. Mendel and Darwin are not related to the issue of spontaneous generation, as Mendel focused on genetics and inheritance patterns, while Darwin is known for his theory of evolution through natural selection.